Nicotine, a compound most often based in the plants from the Solanaceae family, is an alkaloid and is found accumulated from the leaves of such plants, although biosynthesis with this chemical is situated the roots from the plants. Nicotine is one of the major components of addictive plants like tobacco (0.6%-3.0%) and is the reason behind their addiction in humans because psychoactive nature.
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1. Etymology
The name nicotine comes from the scientific name from the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum. The scientific name from the tobacco plant is itself named france ambassador to Portugal Jean Nicot de Villemain. Villeman is credited for sending tobacco seeds and plant saplings to Paris in 1560 because of its use in medicinal purposes.
2. Extraction
Nicotine was purchased from the tobacco plant by German physician Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and chemist Karl Ludwig Reimann in 1828. After its discovery Posselt and Reimann labelled it as a poison. The truth is nicotine is an antiherbivore chemical, that causes addiction when consumed in small amounts (1mg or less) and death if drawn in high amounts (30mg-60mg).
3. Chemistry
Nicotine is an alkaloid using the chemical formula C10H14N2. Its IUPAC name is 3[2,5-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine. It provides a molecular mass of 162.12g/mol. Nicotine is really a hygroscopic liquid which can be miscible with water as a nitrogenous base. Its density is 1.01g/cm3, melting point -79oC and boiling point 247oC. The nicotine molecule features a half life of A couple of hours and its metabolism is hepatic. Nicotine is also optically active and contains two enantiomeric forms.
4. Nicotine as a possible insecticide
As already said nicotine is an antiherbivore drug which if drawn in large amounts is fatal alive forms. That’s the reason nicotine laden tobacco has been used as a possible insecticide even before the entire world War II. But after the WWII its usage drastically lowered due to the accessibility to cheap synthetic insecticides that are more easily available than tobacco and less bad for mammals. But also in the current times the hype surrounding organic farming has again increased the interest from the farmers from the use of tobacco as a pesticide as a possible alternate to chemical pesticides.
5. Nicotine addiction
Our nervous system has certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine binds to many of such and boosts the level of several neurotransmitters. Among these neurotransmitters dopamine is but one such neurotransmitter which can be significantly increased during nicotine use and is in charge of the sense of euphoria and relaxation caused by the use of tobacco (nicotine) products.
6. Psychoactive effects of nicotine
Nicotine is really a psychoactive substance as it’s mood altering. It causes both euphoria and relaxation. By the body processes nicotine is metabolised from the liver. First after its metabolism nicotine ends in the discharge of glucose in the liver and epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. This sudden discharge of glucose and epinephrine causes euphoria after the consumption of nicotine. As soon as the initial euphoria nicotine brings about relaxation, increased alertness and sharpness by focusing on different neurotransmitters from the body. Nicotine also offers pain relieving properties.
7. Side effects of nicotine intake
Tough it seems like nicotine is a great substance to improve one’s sharpness, induce calmness and elevate one’s mood there are more negative aspects of nicotine intake than positive. Among these the most typical negative effects of nicotine intake are a heightened probability of hypertension and heart attacks. It can be sad that all cigarette a man smokes reduces his life time by 14 years. Moreover since nicotine has been seen as to modify the working of Estrogen on hippocampus, hence ultimately nicotine users are susceptible to amnesia and other connected diseases.
8. Toxicity
Nicotine is regarded as more toxic than most popular drugs like heroin and cocaine. More harm is completed by nicotine to the body of a human which is readily absorbed with the bloodstream and reaches the mind over the lungs within 7 seconds of their intake either orally or as the nicotine patch.
9. Using nicotine in medical science
Though nicotine is very little doctor’s best friend, it is though not his worst foe. Nicotine famous for its pain relieving properties has been researched upon for use as a potential prescribed analgesic minus its nasty effects. Nicotine has been found to reduce preeclampsia, allergic asthma; and others by becoming an anti-inflammatory agent.
10. Nicotine in literature
Nicotine has been personified in popular literature as Nick O’ Teen, a humanoid villainous character in Superman comics which has been created in anti-nicotine drive to coach children about the ill-effects of nicotine intake in any form.
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